Resource-based analyses also predict lower participation for women, who face a mix of distinct incentives and disincentives for engagement. On the one hand, women often feel the burden of meeting family needs for food, clean water, health care, and education most profoundly. But they have fewer resources in terms of assets, time, and education. As a result, findings from many regions show that women have historically participated at lower rates than men. Although this gap appears to be closing rapidly in Western democracies (Inglehart & Norris, 2000), it has proved much more persistent in Africa.Stark gender differences may reflect not just resource endowments but also structural and cultural factors that constrain women’s engagement (Isaksson et al., 2014; Twum & Logan, 2023). For example, although Afrobarometer has long found that in principle Africans strongly support women’s equality in politics, in practice the picture is less rosy, as a majority (52%) report that women who run for office are likely to experience harassment, and many women continue to face discrimination of various types in homes, schools, and workplaces (Twum & Logan, 2023; African Development Bank Group & UNECA, 2024). Limited social tolerance for women’s absence from the home or direct engagement with still predominantly male political leaders may pose significant hurdles to women’s participation. Afrobarometer Round 9 data confirm that women engage at substantially lower rates than men across all 10 indicators included in the survey (Figure 21). The smallest margins are in voting (-6 percentage points), contacting members of Parliament (MPs) (-6 points), and protesting (-3 points). The gap grows to -16 points for discussing politics and to -14 points for both attending community meetings and joining with others to raise an issue. (For more detail on gender differences at the country level, see Page 31). Women are also less likely to contact leaders, by margins of up to -13 points in the case of traditional leaders.基于资源的分析还预测女性的参与度会较低，她们面临着参与的独特激励和抑制因素的混合

Memordust

Afrobarometer Round 9 data confirm that women continue to engage at substantially lower rates than men across all indicators included in the survey. And youth (aged 18-35) are less engaged than older generations on all types of political and civic participation…

Resource-based analyses also predict lower participation for women, who face a mix of distinct incentives and disincentives for engagement. On the one hand, women often feel the burden of meeting family needs for food, clean water, health care, and education most profoundly. But they have fewer resources in terms of assets, time, and education. As a result, findings from many regions show that women have historically participated at lower rates than men. Although this gap appears to be closing rapidly in Western democracies (Inglehart & Norris, 2000), it has proved much more persistent in Africa.
Stark gender differences may reflect not just resource endowments but also structural and cultural factors that constrain women’s engagement (Isaksson et al., 2014; Twum & Logan, 2023). For example, although Afrobarometer has long found that in principle Africans strongly support women’s equality in politics, in practice the picture is less rosy, as a majority (52%) report that women who run for office are likely to experience harassment, and many women continue to face discrimination of various types in homes, schools, and workplaces (Twum & Logan, 2023; African Development Bank Group & UNECA, 2024). Limited social tolerance for women’s absence from the home or direct engagement with still predominantly male political leaders may pose significant hurdles to women’s participation. Afrobarometer Round 9 data confirm that women engage at substantially lower rates than men across all 10 indicators included in the survey (Figure 21). The smallest margins are in voting (-6 percentage points), contacting members of Parliament (MPs) (-6 points), and protesting (-3 points). The gap grows to -16 points for discussing politics and to -14 points for both attending community meetings and joining with others to raise an issue. (For more detail on gender differences at the country level, see Page 31). Women are also less likely to contact leaders, by margins of up to -13 points in the case of traditional leaders.

基于资源的分析还预测女性的参与度会较低，她们面临着参与的独特激励和抑制因素的混合。一方面，女性往往最深刻地感受到满足家庭对食物、清洁水、医疗保健和教育需求的负担。但她们在资产、时间和教育方面的资源较少。因此，许多地区的研究结果表明，女性的历史参与率低于男性。尽管这种差距在西方民主国家似乎正在迅速缩小（Inglehart & Norris, 2000），但在非洲却持续存在。

显著的性别差异可能不仅反映了资源禀赋，还反映了限制女性参与的结构和文化因素（Isaksson et al., 2014; Twum & Logan, 2023）。例如，尽管非洲晴雨表长期以来发现非洲人原则上强烈支持女性在政治上的平等，但实际上情况并不那么乐观，因为大多数人（52%）报告说竞选公职的女性可能会遭受骚扰，许多女性在家庭、学校和工作场所继续面临各种形式的歧视（Twum & Logan, 2023; African Development Bank Group & UNECA, 2024）。社会对女性离家或直接与仍然以男性为主的政治领导人接触的有限容忍度，可能对女性的参与构成重大障碍。非洲晴雨表第九轮数据显示，在调查中包含的所有10项指标中，女性的参与率都大大低于男性（图21）。最小的差距在于投票（-6个百分点）、联系议会议员（-6个百分点）和抗议（-3个百分点）。讨论政治的差距扩大到-16个百分点，参加社区会议和与他人一起提出问题的差距都扩大到-14个百分点。（有关国家层面性别差异的更多详细信息，请参见第31页）。女性联系领导人的可能性也较小，在传统领导人方面差距高达-13个百分点。