At the individual level, we found that contrary to expectations generated from Western democracies, Africans who are poorer and less educated tend to participate more in political and civic activities than their wealthier and more educated counterparts.
At the national level, we now examine the impacts of infrastructure development (access to piped water and the electricity grid) and national wealth (gross domestic product (GDP) and Human Development Index score) on the varying levels of citizen engagement we have observed at the country level.
Consistent with our individual-level findings, analysis of Afrobarometer Round 9 data shows that rates of citizen participation in various forms of political and communal action – including voting, attending community meetings, and joining with others to raise issues – are higher in poorer countries and in countries with limited public infrastructure.
在个人层面，我们发现与西方民主国家的预期相反，非洲那些较贫穷、受教育程度较低的人，往往比那些较富有、受教育程度较高的人更多地参与政治和公民活动。
在国家层面，我们现在考察基础设施发展（自来水和电网的普及）和国家财富（国内生产总值（GDP）和人类发展指数得分）对我们在国家层面观察到的公民参与程度的影响。
与我们的个人层面发现一致，对非洲晴雨表第九轮数据的分析显示，在较贫穷的国家和公共基础设施有限的国家，公民参与各种形式的政治和社区行动——包括投票、参加社区会议以及与他人一起提出问题——的比例更高。
